Inqanawa yoxinzelelo sisikhongozeli esenzelwe ukubamba iigesi okanye ulwelo kuxinzelelo olwahluke kakhulu kuxinzelelo lwe-ambient. Ezi nqanawa zisetyenziswa kumashishini ahlukeneyo, kuquka i-oyile negesi, ukusetyenzwa kweekhemikhali, ukuveliswa kwamandla kunye nokuvelisa. Iinqanawa zoxinzelelo kufuneka zenziwe ngobunjineli kwaye zakhiwe ngokhuseleko engqondweni ngenxa yeengozi ezinokubakho ezinxulumene noxinzelelo oluphezulu.
Iindidi eziQhelekileyo zeenqanawa zoxinzelelo:
1. Izitya zokuGcina:
o Isetyenziselwa ukugcina ulwelo okanye iigesi phantsi koxinzelelo.
o Imizekelo: Iitanki zeLPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas), iitanki zokugcina igesi yendalo.
2. IziTshintshisi zoBubushushu:
o Ezi nqanawa zisetyenziselwa ukuhambisa ubushushu phakathi kweencindi ezimbini, rhoqo phantsi koxinzelelo.
o Imizekelo: Amagubu ebhoyila, iicondenser, okanye iinqaba zokupholisa.
3. Iireactors:
o Yenzelwe ukusabela kweekhemikhali ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu.
o Imizekelo: Ii-autoclaves kwishishini lekhemikhali okanye lamayeza.
4. Izamkeli zoMoya/iiTanki zokucinezela:
o Ezi nqanawa zoxinzelelo zigcina umoya oxinanisiweyo okanye iigesi kwiinkqubo zokucinezela umoya, njengoko bekuxoxiwe ngaphambili.
5. Iibhoyila:
o Uhlobo lwenqanawa yoxinzelelo esetyenziselwa ukwenziwa komphunga ukufudumeza okanye ukuvelisa umbane.
o Iibhoyila ziqulathe amanzi kunye nomphunga phantsi koxinzelelo.
Amacandelo enqanawa yoxinzelelo:
• Iqokobhe: Umzimba wangaphandle wenqanawa yoxinzelelo. Ngokuqhelekileyo i-cylindrical okanye i-spherical kwaye kufuneka yakhiwe ukumelana noxinzelelo lwangaphakathi.
• Iintloko (End Caps): Ezi ziindawo eziphezulu nezisezantsi zomkhumbi woxinzelelo. Ngokuqhelekileyo ziba ngqindilili kuneqokobhe lokuphatha uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi ngokufanelekileyo.
• Imilomo namaZibuko: Ezi zivumela ulwelo okanye irhasi ukuba ingene kwaye iphume kwinqanawa yoxinzelelo kwaye isoloko isetyenziselwa ukudityaniswa kwezinye iinkqubo.
• Indlela yokuvula indlela okanye yokuFikelela: Indawo enkulu evumela ukufikelela ekucoceni, ekuhlolweni okanye ekugcinweni kwayo.
• Iivalvu zoKhuseleko: Ezi zibalulekile ukukhusela inqanawa ekugqithiseni imida yoxinzelelo ngokukhupha uxinzelelo ukuba kuyimfuneko.
• Ukuxhasa kunye nokunyuka: Izinto zesakhiwo ezibonelela ngenkxaso kunye nokuzinzisa kwinqanawa yoxinzelelo ngexesha lokusetyenziswa.
Iingqwalasela zoYilo lweSikhephe soxinzelelo:
• Ukukhetha izinto eziphathekayo: Iinqanawa zoxinzelelo kufuneka zenziwe ngezinto ezinokumelana noxinzelelo lwangaphakathi kunye nokusingqongileyo kwangaphandle. Izinto eziqhelekileyo ziquka i-carbon steel, insimbi engenasici, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha i-alloy steels okanye i-composites yeendawo ezinobungozi kakhulu.
• Ukutyeba kweendonga: Ubukhulu beendonga zenqanawa yoxinzelelo buxhomekeke kuxinzelelo lwangaphakathi kunye nezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo. Iindonga ezityebileyo ziyafuneka kuxinzelelo oluphezulu.
• Uhlalutyo loxinzelelo: Iinqanawa zoxinzelelo ziphantsi kwamandla ahlukeneyo kunye noxinzelelo (umzekelo, uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi, ubushushu, ukungcangcazela). Iindlela zokuhlalutya uxinzelelo oluphezulu (njengohlalutyo olupheleleyo lwento okanye i-FEA) zihlala zisetyenziswa kwisigaba soyilo.
• Ukumelana nobushushu: Ukongeza kuxinzelelo, iinqanawa zihlala zisebenza kwiindawo eziphakamileyo okanye eziphantsi kweqondo lokushisa, ngoko ke izinto eziphathekayo kufuneka zikwazi ukuxhathisa uxinzelelo lwe-thermal kunye ne-corrosion.
• Ukuthotyelwa kweKhowudi: Imikhumbi yoxinzelelo isoloko ifuneka ukuba ithobele iikhowudi ezithile, ezinje:
o I-ASME (i-American Society of Mechanical Engineers) IKhowudi yeBoiler kunye noxinzelelo lweVessel (BPVC)
o I-PED (i-Pressure Equipment Directive) eYurophu
o Imigangatho ye-API (i-American Petroleum Institute) yezicelo ze-oyile kunye negesi
Izixhobo eziqhelekileyo zeZikhumbo zoxinzelelo:
• Intsimbi yeCarbon: Idla ngokusetyenziswa kwiinqanawa ezigcina imathiriyeli engadleliyo phantsi koxinzelelo oluphakathi.
• iStainless Steel: Isetyenziselwa izinto ezidlekayo okanye ezinobushushu obuphezulu. Insimbi engenasici nayo iyamelana nomhlwa kwaye yomelele kunentsimbi yecarbon.
• Iintsimbi ze-alloy: Zisetyenziswa kwiindawo ezithile ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu okanye zobushushu obuphezulu, njengendawo yokubhabha okanye imizi-mveliso yokuvelisa umbane.
• Izixhobo ezidityanisiweyo: Iimathiriyeli ezidityanisiweyo ezikwizinga eliphezulu ngamanye amaxesha zisetyenziswa kwizinto ezikhethekileyo (umzekelo, iinqanawa ezikhaphukhaphu nezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu).
Ukusetyenziswa kweZikhumbo zoxinzelelo:
1. Ishishini leoli negesi:
o Iitanki zokugcina i-liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), irhasi yendalo, okanye i-oyile, rhoqo phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu.
o Iinqanawa zokwahlula kwiindawo zokucoca ukwahlula ioli, amanzi kunye negesi phantsi koxinzelelo.
2. Ukwenziwa kweMichiza:
o Isetyenziswe kwii-reactors, iikholamu ze-distillation, kunye nokugcinwa kweekhemikhali zokuphendula kunye neenkqubo ezifuna iimeko ezithile zoxinzelelo.
3. Ukuveliswa koMbane:
o Iibhoyila, amagubu omphunga, kunye nezixhobo zoxinzelelo ezisetyenziswa ekuveliseni umbane, kuqukwa nezixhobo zenyukliya kunye nefosili.
4. Ukutya kunye nesiselo:
o Iinqanawa zoxinzelelo ezisetyenziselwa ukusetyenzwa, ukuvalwa, kunye nokugcinwa kweemveliso zokutya.
5. Ishishini loShishino:
o Ii-autoclaves kunye ne-reactors ezibandakanya ukuvalwa koxinzelelo oluphezulu okanye ukuhlanganiswa kweekhemikhali.
6. I-Aerospace kunye neCryogenics:
o Amatanki eCryogenic agcina iigesi ezimanzi kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi kakhulu phantsi koxinzelelo.
IiKhowudi zeenqanawa zoxinzelelo kunye neMigangatho:
1. IKhowudi ye-ASME yeBoiler kunye ne-Pressure Vessel (BPVC): Le khowudi ibonelela ngezikhokelo zoyilo, ukuvelisa, kunye nokuhlolwa kweenqanawa zoxinzelelo e-US.
2. I-ASME iCandelo VIII: Ibonelela ngeemfuno ezithile zoyilo kunye nokwakhiwa kweenqanawa zoxinzelelo.
3. I-PED (I-Pressure Equipment Directive): Umyalelo we-European Union obeka imigangatho yezixhobo zoxinzelelo ezisetyenziswa kumazwe aseYurophu.
4. Imigangatho ye-API: Kwishishini leoli kunye negesi, i-American Petroleum Institute (API) ibonelela ngemigangatho ethile kwiinqanawa zoxinzelelo.
Isiphelo:
Iinqanawa zoxinzelelo zizinto ezibalulekileyo kuluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo zemizi-mveliso, ukusuka kwimveliso yamandla ukuya kwimichiza. Uyilo, ukwakhiwa, kunye nokugcinwa kwazo kufuna ukuthotyelwa ngokungqongqo kwimigangatho yokhuseleko, ukukhetha izinto eziphathekayo, kunye nemigaqo yobunjineli ukuthintela ukusilela okuyintlekele. Nokuba kukugcina iigesi ezicinezelekileyo, ukubamba ulwelo kuxinzelelo oluphezulu, okanye ukuququzelela ukusabela kweekhemikhali, iinqanawa zoxinzelelo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekugcineni ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokhuseleko lweenkqubo zamashishini.
Ixesha lokuposa: Dec-20-2024